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TypesActivitiesStructureHistoryLegal StatusEconomic TheoryInfluence on World AffairsCriticismExternal LinksNGOs further the political or social goals of their members (or founders) improving the natural environment encouraging the observance of human rights improving the welfare of the disadvantaged or representing a corporate agenda Their goals cover a wide range of issuesto religious groups They may fund local NGOs institutions and projects and implement projects NGOs are classified by their 1 orientation ie the type of activities an NGO undertakes such as activities involving human rights consumer protection environmentalism health or development 2 level of operation which indicates the scale at which an organization works local regional national or international NGOs act as implementers catalysts and partners They mobilize resources to provide goods and services to people who have been affected by a natural disaster they drive change and partner with other organizations to tackle problems and address human needs NGOs vary by method some are primarily advocacy groups and others conduct programs and activities Oxfam concerned with poverty alleviation may provide needy people with the equipment and skills to obtain food and drinking water the Forum for Factfinding Documentation and Advocacy (FFDA) helps provide legal assistance to victims of humanrights abuses The Afghanistan Information Management Servicesprovide specialized technical products and services to support development activities implemented on the ground by other organizations Management techniques are crucial to project success The World Bankclassifies NGO activity into two general categories 1 operational NGOs whose primary function is the design and implement Staffing Some NGOs rely on paid staff others are based on volunteers Although many NGOs use international staff in developing countries others rely on local employees or volunteers Foreign staff may satisfy a donor who wants to see the supported project managed by a person from an industrialized country The expertise of these employees (or volunteers) may be counterbalanced by several factors the cost of foreigners is typically higher they have no grassroots connections in the country and loca Funding NGOs are usually funded by donations but some avoid formal funding and are run by volunteers NGOs may have charitable status or may be taxexempt in recognition of their social purposes Others may be fronts for political religious or other interests Since the end of World War II NGOs have had an increased role in international developmentparticularly in the fields of humanitarian assistance and poverty alleviation Funding sources include membership dues the sale of goods and servic Overhead Overhead is the amount of money spent on running an NGO rather than on projects It includes office expenses salaries and banking and bookkeeping costs An NGO&#39s percentage of its overall budget spent on overhead is often used to judge it less than four percent is considered good According to the World Association of NonGovernmental Organizations more than 86 percent should be spent on programs (less than 20 percent on overhead) The Global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis and Malaria International nongovernmental organizations date back to at least the late 18th century and there were an estimated 1083 NGOs by 1914 International NGOs were important to the antislavery and women&#39s suffrage movements and peaked at the time of the 1932–1934 World Disarmament Conference The term became popular with the 1945 founding of the United Nations in 1945 Article 71 in Chapter X of its charter stipulated consultative status for organizations which are neither governments nor member states An international NGO was first defined in resolution 288 (X) of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) on February 27 1950 as “any international organization that is not founded by an international treaty” The role of NGOs and other “major groups” in sustainable development was recognized in Chapter 27 of Agenda 21 The rise and fall of international NGOs matches contemporary events waxing in periods of growth and waning in times of crisis The United Nations gav Although NGOs are subject to national laws and practices four main groups may be found worldwide 1 Unincorporated and voluntary association 2 Trusts charities and foundations 3 Notforprofit companies 4 Entities formed (or registered) under special NGO or nonprofitlaws The Council of Europe drafted the European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International NonGovernmental Organisations in Strasbourg in 1986 creating a common legal basis for European NGOs Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rightsprotects the right to associate which is fundamental for NGOs The question whether a public project should be owned by an NGO or by the government has been studied in economics using the tools of the incomplete contracting theory According to this theory not every detail of a relationship between decision makers can be contractually specified Hence in the future the parties will bargain with each other to adapt their relationship to changing circumstances Ownership matters because it determines the parties’ willingness to make noncontractible investments In the context of private firms Hart (1995) has shown that the party with the more important investment task should be owner Yet Besley and Ghatak (2001) have argued that in the context of public projects the investment technology does not matter Specifically even when the government is the key investor ownership by an NGO is optimal if and only if the NGO has a larger valuation of the project than the government However the general validity of this argument has been questioned Servicedelivery NGOs provide public goods and services which governments of developing countries are unable to provide due to a lack of resources They may be contractors or collaborate with government agencies to reduce the cost of public goods Capacitybuilding NGOs affect “culture structure projects and daily operations” Advocacy and publiceducation NGOs aim to modify behavior and ideas through communication crafting messages to promote social political or environmental changes (and as news organisations have cut foreign bureaux many NGOs have begun to expand into news reporting)Movement NGOs mobilize the public and coordinate largescale collective activities to advance an activist agenda Since the end of the Cold War more NGOs in developed countries have pursued international outreach involved in local and national social resistance they have influenced domestic policy change in the developing worldSpecialized NGOs have forged partnerships built networks and f Tanzanian author and academic Issa G Shivji has criticised NGOs in two essays “Silences in NGO discourse The role and future of NGOs in Africa” and “Reflections on NGOs in Tanzania What we are what we are not and what we ought to be” Shivji writes that despite the good intentions of NGO leaders and activists he is critical of the “objective effects of actions regardless of their intentions” According to Shivji the rise of NGOs is part of a neoliberal paradigm and not motivated purely by altruism NGOs want to change the world without understanding it continuing an imperialrelationship In his study of NGO involvement in Mozambique James Pfeiffer addresses their negative effects on the country&#39s health According to Pfeiffer NGOs in Mozambique have “fragmented the local health system undermined local control of health programs and contributed to growing local social inequality” They can be uncoordinated creating parallel projects which divert healthservice workers f.